Astrocytoma

Multi-omic integration identified N-glycosylation as the best classifier of grade, while the immune transcriptome best predicted GBM survival. Provided as a community resource, this study offers a framework for glioma targeting, classification, outcome prediction, and a baseline of TME composition across all stages.

The clinical applicability of these tests must be corroborated with clinical presentation and neurosurgical resection to highlight progression and recurrence rates. Standardized protocols and molecular-based evidence are essential for optimizing patient management and outcomes.

Contemporary glioma cohorts showed prolonged survival outcomes compared to historical cohorts. An association between anatomic localization and molecular subtypes was also established in this Chinese glioma cohort.

Overall, the R273C mutation, although mechanistically unclear, is more prevalent than other TP53 variants and defines a distinct biological subset of LGIMAs, marked by increased Ki-67 and female predominance. Incorporating TP53 and broader genetic profiling via NGS could improve our understanding of LGIMAs and support a refined classification system, enhancing diagnostic and prognostic accuracy.

High [18F] Fluciclovine uptake in pilocytic astrocytoma may reflect amino acid transporter expression, which may lead to overestimation of the WHO grade. Awareness of this pitfall is essential in pediatric neuro-oncology.

In here we report a case of a female patient who developed LMD from a Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA), BRAFV600-mutated, who has shown successful response to treatment with BRAF/MEKi (Encorafinib/Binimetinib) for over 3 years since initial LMD diagnosis. The effectiveness of therapy in this patient was initially observed as stable disease, with radiographic progression when BRAF/MEKi were withheld, and immediate tumor control achieved when reinstated. Despite being just one case, this hopefully could serve as proof-of-concept for use of targeted therapy for BRAF V600E-mutated tumors with LMD progression, sparing patients from alternative tumor control options such as radiation therapy.

TMEM106A independently predicts survival and correlates with myeloid-enriched transcriptional states in gliomas. Given its high expression in myeloid lineages in single-cell data, bulk upregulation is potentially driven by myeloid infiltration rather than tumor-cell intrinsic mechanisms. All findings are correlative; prospective studies are needed before any clinical use is considered.

This case expands the known clinical and radiological spectrum of PXA, highlighting that it can occur in older patients, in uncommon locations, and with atypical imaging features. It underscores the importance of histopathological and molecular analysis for definitive diagnosis and supports gross total resection as the mainstay of treatment.

While not significantly associated with tumor grade or patient demographics, MMRD may have clinical relevance in specific subgroups. NGS findings highlight the potential utility of integrating molecular diagnostics for identifying MSI and guiding immunotherapy decisions.

These findings contribute to the literature suggesting that, rarely, GPV in aoCPG may contribute to cancer diagnoses in children, raising the question of how tumors in these cases may present differently in children than adults. Increased knowledge about potential childhood cancer risks related to what have historically been considered aoCPG could modify predictive genetic testing recommendations for children and enhance existing cancer screening protocols.

Finally, we discuss therapeutic directions spanning AQP4 modulation, isoform balance, and BBB-bypassing delivery strategies. Overall, AQP4 emerges as a mechanistic hub connecting BBB instability, glymphatic impairment, edema, immune evasion, and invasion in GBM.