BRAF V600

The Bethesda system provides high diagnostic accuracy for definitive cytological categories in pediatric thyroid nodules. Even indeterminate categories carry elevated malignancy risk, supporting careful surgical consideration and the value of BRAF V600E testing for preoperative risk stratification.

Exploratory analysis in a limited TERT cohort (8 mutated vs 103 wild-type) identified prospective radiomics patterns associated with TERT promoter mutations, suggesting potential surrogate imaging biomarkers that warrant further investigation. Micro-CT radiomics shows promise as a complementary tool for diagnostic classification in thyroid cancer and offers a platform for quantitative 3D tissue characterization pending broader validation.

For early-stage POLE-mutated CRC with favorable prognosis, off-label adjuvant immunotherapy may bring unnecessary toxicity risks. It is necessary to conduct rigorous patient selection, comprehensive risk-benefit evaluation, and close monitoring of organ function during treatment, so as to provide reference for the standardized clinical application of ICIs in this population.

ML models that incorporate spectral CT 3D parameters and clinical features offer a promising approach for preoperative prediction of mETE in PTMC. Following external validation in multicenter cohorts, these models may serve as adjunctive tools to inform clinical decision-making and risk stratification.

A combined model integrating US-FNAC and serum BRAF V600E testing improved diagnostic performance, with a sensitivity of 81.25%, specificity of 85.19%, and AUC of 0.873, significantly outperforming either method alone. These findings suggest that serum BRAF V600E detection is a useful complementary, minimally invasive approach for diagnosing PTC, particularly micro-PTC, and may improve early detection and risk stratification when combined with US-FNAC.

Systemic chemotherapy with vinblastine and prednisone led to marked improvement in nail, skin, pulmonary, and osseous lesions. These cases illustrate that nail changes may be the earliest manifestation of LCH and should prompt thorough systemic evaluation. Early recognition of nail involvement can facilitate timely diagnosis and risk-adapted treatment, potentially improving outcomes in affected patients.

In this cohort, BRAF-mutant AML patients had poor overall survival with currently available treatments, including venetoclax-based regimens. Drug sensitivity data suggest possible avenues for targeted treatment of BRAF-mutated AML.

Mutational signatures included chromosomal instability and chromothripsis. There was a robust ancestry-related difference in tumor evolutionary dynamics where African ancestry was correlated with more genome doubling and clonality with less evolutionary branching.

P1/2, N=94, Not yet recruiting, Gilead Sciences Inc.

P2, N=7, Terminated, Northwestern University | Trial completion date: Jul 2030 --> Apr 2026 | Active, not recruiting --> Terminated | Trial primary completion date: May 2026 --> Oct 2025; The study was closed due to accrual.

P2, N=28, Active, not recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting | N=45 --> 28 | Trial completion date: Jul 2028 --> Jun 2029 | Trial primary completion date: Apr 2028 --> May 2026

Depending on the Bethesda category, the positive predictive value for malignancy of the seven-gene panel ranged between 18.18% (Bethesda III) and 91.07% (Bethesda V), while the negative predictive value ranged between 93.92% (Bethesda III) and 24.14% (Bethesda V). In conclusion, molecular testing with the seven-gene panel can improve ROM estimation in cytopathologically indeterminate thyroid nodules, but its clinical utility depends on the detected gene alteration.