TET and TMZ significantly reduced pro-MMP-2 levels in M010b cells under both conditions and in U87 cells under normoxia. In conclusion, given the limited therapeutic potential of TMZ, our findings suggest that TET could be a viable alternative treatment option for GBM.
Compound 17 exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells with an IC50 value of 2.09 μM and a satisfactory SI value of 11.5, which was 5.3- and 6.4-fold higher than the activity of parental tetrandrine and adriamycin, respectively. Moreover, it indicates a potent in vivo killing effect against liver cancers, orthotopically transplanted HCC in an AKT1-dependent manner, with a safety profile. Taken together, compound 17 shows therapeutic potential as a safe anticancer agent through apoptosis induction, worthy of further development.
Compound 3 (3α-dihydrocadambine) effectively revealed strong vasodilatory activity with EC50 values of 2.4 μM and 2.1 μM, respectively, similar levels comparable to the positive control (verapamil)...Moreover, network pharmacology and molecular docking predicted compound 1 to correlate with the p53-Hippo-TGF-β antitumor signalling pathway and compound 3 with the cAMP/cGMP-PKG cardiovascular signalling pathway. This work provides preliminary experimental data for the development of potential lead compounds from U. gambir.
Bulk and single-cell transcriptomic analyses further revealed complement-associated activation, extracellular-matrix remodeling, and enrichment of antigen-presenting and inflammatory macrophage programs. Thus, TETNPs@Gel functions as an in situ nanovaccine rather than a conventional cytotoxic formulation, in which controlled tetrandrine release couples direct tumor-cell killing with vascular and immune re-education, offering a potentially generalizable platform for localized immunochemotherapy in solid tumors.