ER negative

P1, N=60, Recruiting, Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc.

HER2-low status was associated with worse OS in breast cancer patients with certain negative prognostic factors compared with HER2-zero status. Additionally, HER2-low1+ and HER2-low2+/ISH(-) subgroups predominantly exhibited HR+ status.

The patient underwent neoadjuvant chemothera- py, right-sided mastectomy, and trastuzumab therapy, achieving complete pathological regression (pCR) with no recur- rence after ten months of follow-up. Although the CASR p.Glu755Asp variant's pathogenic role is unproven, emerging evidence links CASR overexpression with hER2-positive breast cancers, promoting tumor progression via calcium- dependent signaling pathways (PI3K/AKt, MAPK). This case highlights the potential role of CASR as a low-penetrance susceptibility gene in breast cancer and supports further functional and genomic studies to clarify its clinical impact.

P2, N=70, Active, not recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Trial completion date: Jun 2026 --> Jun 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2026 --> Jun 2027

These findings point to visfatin and adiponectin as potential indicators of aggressive breast cancer phenotypes, while lipocalin-2 may follow a different biological trajectory. Larger, prospective studies are warranted to confirm these associations and clarify underlying mechanisms.

P2, N=58, Recruiting, Fudan University

This study revealed the expression interplay and clinical significance of KIF2A and p53 in breast cancer. The identified association between KIF2A and p53 may provide insights for future research on their roles in breast cancer.

Conversely, in ER-positive tumors, apocrine morphology was associated with increased proliferation, enhanced immune-related signaling, and greater genomic instability. In conclusion, apocrine morphology represents an ER-dependent biological state with distinct prognostic and molecular implications.

P3, N=420, Not yet recruiting, Fudan University

P3, N=1978, Recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting | Initiation date: Jul 2026 --> Feb 2027

Finally, we observe that co-expression increases metastatic risk in both estrogen receptor-negative and -positive breast cancers. Collectively, these findings define a novel SOX9-SEMA7A relationship in healthy mammary tissues and illustrate how studies of normal progenitor cell phenotypes can delineate cellular mechanisms that contribute to breast tumor progression.

Multimodal imaging (e.g., Computed Tomography (CT)/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)) combined with image-guided biopsy is critical for diagnosis. Early detection enables multidisciplinary palliative strategies to optimize quality of life while addressing systemic dissemination.