PD-L1 overexpression

Amplification of 9p24.1, causing PD-L1 overexpression, plays a significant role in EBV-positive DLBCL and EBV-positive cHL, whereas EBVMCU, DLBCL-CI, FA-DLBCL, and LyG primarily depend on an (local) immunosuppressive condition. In conclusion, the molecular pathogenesis of EBV LPD is less reliant on driver mutations and instead rely on EBV latent genes and immune evasion; both factors provide promising targets for future therapy.

Additionally, new therapeutic interventions, such as microbiome-targeted therapies or probiotics, are suggested to enhance the efficacy of ICIs. By uniquely integrating clinical correlations with mechanistic insights on immune microenvironment, this may render pulmonary microbiota to be potential therapeutic strategies for future immunotherapy treatments.

Conclusion The strong concordance of PD-L1 expression in the untreated group patients supports the use of primary tumor PD-L1 status to guide clinical decision-making when brain metastasis tissue is unavailable. Treatment status (mainly including chemotherapy) may be an important factor affecting the consistency of high PD-L1 expression between primary NSCLC and brain metastasis.

HIF-1α and PD-L1 expression can serve as reliable indicators for predicting NCRT efficacy and poor prognosis in RC patients.

[68Ga]Ga-PDL1p PET outperforms conventional [18F]FDG PET and immunohistochemistry-based PD-L1 assessment in predicting immunotherapy response and prognosis. These findings offer new insights for evaluating immunotherapy efficacy and guiding individualized tumor treatment.

Pathological complete response (pCR) was significantly associated with younger age, higher tumor or stromal PD-L1 expression, higher levels of tumor or stromal CD8-positive cytotoxic T cells, but lower infiltration of CD163-positive M2 macrophages, with the level of CD163-positive M2 macrophages in stromal area as the strongest factor. Our study showed that high infiltration of CD163-positive M2 macrophages was negatively associated with the chemotherapeutic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in Chinese TNBC patients and could be used as a promising prognostic candidate for Chinese TNBC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

In this study, we show that IL-24 decreases PD-L1 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells through PKR activation, enhances the anti-tumor effects of Doxorubicin, and may enable lower doses that reduce toxicity and further decrease PD-L1 levels. These findings suggest that IL-24 could serve as a valuable target for therapeutic intervention and suggest that it can improve doxorubicin's effectiveness against aggressive breast cancer.

Due to severe hepatic impairment, a sequential therapeutic strategy was adopted: treatment was initiated with dose-reduced weekly paclitaxel (80% of the standard dose), and pembrolizumab (200 mg every three weeks) was introduced at the fourth cycle. Furthermore, the high PD-L1 expression in this patient indicates that its predictive value may extend even to the context of visceral crisis. Our findings suggest that immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy may represent a feasible therapeutic strategy in selected patients with PD-L1-high mTNBC presenting with hepatic visceral crisis.

Nevertheless, PD-L1 expression is heterogeneous and influenced by multiple biological, clinical and technical factors. In this review, we aim to summarize the biological role of PD-L1 in lung cancer, discuss its expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms, describe current assessment methods, and highlight its clinical relevance in guiding immunotherapy strategies.

Notably, among patients with high PD-L1 expression, no statistically significant clinical benefit was observed. In NSCLC patients with driver gene mutations, PD-L1 expression is associated with the efficacy of targeted therapy but is not predictive of response to immunotherapy.

Urine fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a highly sensitive tool for detecting urothelial carcinoma (UC), but 'false'-positive results can be observed in non-UC malignancies. We present a challenging case of primary UPS of renal pelvis with positive urine FISH and high programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, which complicates the initial diagnosis and opens avenues for potential immunotherapy.

Its economic advantage is most pronounced in patients with high PD-L1 expression and at lower drug prices. These findings provide quantitative evidence supporting reimbursement negotiations and future pricing strategies for cadonilimab in global markets.