For VL-associated HLH, sodium stibogluconate as targeted therapy rapidly controls HLH, facilitates immunosuppression withdrawal, and significantly improves patient outcomes. White blood cell count, HGB level, PLT count, and lactate dehydrogenase level may serve as critical prognostic biomarkers for VL-associated HLH.

Nanovaccine platforms can potentially overcome some constraints of conventional vaccines by enhancing lymph node targeting, antigen stability, and immunogenicity. Further research in this field could further advance targeted cancer immunotherapy.

Effect size estimates were relatively large for both the group effect (partial η2=0.20) and the time x group interaction (partial η2=0.24), suggesting that the study may have been underpowered to detect this difference statistically. In conclusion, the present exploratory study suggests that suramin exerts a dual antitumor effect on tongue squamous cell carcinoma by suppressing proliferative transcriptional programs, and modulating extracellular and stress response pathways, providing a basis for future studies to further elucidate its therapeutic relevance.

This review synthesizes recent advances in biomimetic and personalized nanovaccine design, highlighting clinical progress in lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based vaccines such as BNT111 and mRNA-4157, emerging innate immune adjuvants including Toll-like receptor (TLR) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists, and rational combination strategies with immune checkpoint blockade. Key safety and quality consideration including immunotoxicity, off-target immune activation, and batch heterogeneity are critically evaluated alongside emerging engineering solutions. Finally, future directions integrating AI-guided neoantigen prediction, modular microfluidic manufacturing, and multi-omic biomarker frameworks are discussed to accelerate next generation cancer nanovaccine translation.

P2, N=184, Completed, BioNTech SE | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

Moreover, we demonstrated that Suramin effectively suppressed CC tumor growth by inhibiting PFKP-mediated glycolysis. Our findings provide a robust prognostic model and disclose PFKP as a potential therapeutic target in CC, offering insightful guidance on cancer management of CC patients.

P1, N=74, Completed, NervGen Pharma Corp. | Recruiting --> Completed

In a protein-chip assay, actinomycete extract 4585DW showed PTP1B inhibitory activity comparable to the positive controls, suramin and vanadate. The extract was non-cytotoxic in mammalian and yeast cells and inhibited PTP1B with Km and Vmax values of 10.91 ± 0.50 mM and 0.02 ± 0.00 μmol/min, respectively. In conclusion, 4585DW is a promising candidate for further investigation as a PTP1B inhibitor.

P2, N=184, Active, not recruiting, BioNTech SE | Trial completion date: Jul 2026 --> Dec 2025

Our findings demonstrate that suramin significantly attenuates inflammatory and oxidative damage in an experimental model of acute colitis. These results suggest that suramin may possess therapeutic potential in intestinal inflammation; however, this effect requires further support through advanced experimental and clinical studies.

This improvement in the somatosensory experience was reflected in alleviating depressive-like behavior in the forced swimming test. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of blocking thalamic P2X receptors in alleviating fibromyalgia symptoms.

P2, N=45, Recruiting, Children's Hospital of Orange County | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting