This review synthesizes recent advances in biomimetic and personalized nanovaccine design, highlighting clinical progress in lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based vaccines such as BNT111 and mRNA-4157, emerging innate immune adjuvants including Toll-like receptor (TLR) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists, and rational combination strategies with immune checkpoint blockade. Key safety and quality consideration including immunotoxicity, off-target immune activation, and batch heterogeneity are critically evaluated alongside emerging engineering solutions. Finally, future directions integrating AI-guided neoantigen prediction, modular microfluidic manufacturing, and multi-omic biomarker frameworks are discussed to accelerate next generation cancer nanovaccine translation.

P2, N=184, Completed, BioNTech SE | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

P2, N=184, Active, not recruiting, BioNTech SE | Trial completion date: Jul 2026 --> Dec 2025

Melanin synthesis suppression was examined via qRT-PCR, and western blot in MITF, TYR, TRP-1, and TRP-2. Cell death in zebrafish embryos was evaluated in vivo using a toxicity assay which revealed no significant influence from VY-9, while anti-melanogenic effects were observed when the concentration was 4 µM, suggesting bee pollen-derived peptides' potential in cosmetic and pharmaceutical depigmentation applications.

P2, N=184, Active, not recruiting, BioNTech SE | Trial primary completion date: Nov 2025 --> Jan 2024

BNT111, an investigational lipoplex-formulated mRNA-based therapeutic cancer vaccine encoding melanoma TAAs NY-ESO-1, tyrosinase, MAGE-A3, and TPTE, is undergoing clinical testing in adults. All four TAAs were expressed in pediatric melanoma, albeit NY-ESO-1 and MAGE-A3 to a lesser extent than in adult melanoma. These data support the possibility of investigating vaccines targeting these TAAs for the treatment of pediatric melanoma.

P2, N=184, Active, not recruiting, BioNTech SE | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting

P2, N=180, Recruiting, BioNTech SE | Trial completion date: Jun 2025 --> Jul 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Oct 2024 --> Nov 2025

P1, N=119, Completed, BioNTech SE | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

Although hydroquinone, kojic acid, and arbutin are the most well-known tyrosinase inhibitors, their adverse effects are inevitable...Mechanistically, amphotericin B treatment significantly activated ERK and Akt signaling pathways, resulting in the decreased expression of MITF and tyrosinase. The obtained results may pursue pre-clinical and clinical studies to examine the possibility of using amphotericin B as an alternative treatment for hyperpigmentation disorders.

To investigate the possible cytotoxicities of 2, 3, and 7, in vitro cellular tests were carried out on the human cancerous breast cell line MCF-7. 2 and 7 show promising cytotoxicity.

Mushroom tyrosinase was inhibited by TSC1-conjugates at micromolar level, with IC lower than this for kojic acid, a widely used reference compound. Up to now, this is the first report regarding thiosemicarbazones conjugated with tripeptides, synthesised for the purpose of tyrosinase inhibition.