Nanovaccine platforms can potentially overcome some constraints of conventional vaccines by enhancing lymph node targeting, antigen stability, and immunogenicity. Further research in this field could further advance targeted cancer immunotherapy.

This review synthesizes recent advances in biomimetic and personalized nanovaccine design, highlighting clinical progress in lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based vaccines such as BNT111 and mRNA-4157, emerging innate immune adjuvants including Toll-like receptor (TLR) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists, and rational combination strategies with immune checkpoint blockade. Key safety and quality consideration including immunotoxicity, off-target immune activation, and batch heterogeneity are critically evaluated alongside emerging engineering solutions. Finally, future directions integrating AI-guided neoantigen prediction, modular microfluidic manufacturing, and multi-omic biomarker frameworks are discussed to accelerate next generation cancer nanovaccine translation.

P2, N=184, Completed, BioNTech SE | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

P2, N=184, Active, not recruiting, BioNTech SE | Trial completion date: Jul 2026 --> Dec 2025

Melanin synthesis suppression was examined via qRT-PCR, and western blot in MITF, TYR, TRP-1, and TRP-2. Cell death in zebrafish embryos was evaluated in vivo using a toxicity assay which revealed no significant influence from VY-9, while anti-melanogenic effects were observed when the concentration was 4 µM, suggesting bee pollen-derived peptides' potential in cosmetic and pharmaceutical depigmentation applications.

P2, N=184, Active, not recruiting, BioNTech SE | Trial primary completion date: Nov 2025 --> Jan 2024

BNT111, an investigational lipoplex-formulated mRNA-based therapeutic cancer vaccine encoding melanoma TAAs NY-ESO-1, tyrosinase, MAGE-A3, and TPTE, is undergoing clinical testing in adults. All four TAAs were expressed in pediatric melanoma, albeit NY-ESO-1 and MAGE-A3 to a lesser extent than in adult melanoma. These data support the possibility of investigating vaccines targeting these TAAs for the treatment of pediatric melanoma.

P2, N=184, Active, not recruiting, BioNTech SE | Recruiting --> Active, not recruiting

P2, N=180, Recruiting, BioNTech SE | Trial completion date: Jun 2025 --> Jul 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Oct 2024 --> Nov 2025

P1, N=119, Completed, BioNTech SE | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

Although hydroquinone, kojic acid, and arbutin are the most well-known tyrosinase inhibitors, their adverse effects are inevitable...Mechanistically, amphotericin B treatment significantly activated ERK and Akt signaling pathways, resulting in the decreased expression of MITF and tyrosinase. The obtained results may pursue pre-clinical and clinical studies to examine the possibility of using amphotericin B as an alternative treatment for hyperpigmentation disorders.

To investigate the possible cytotoxicities of 2, 3, and 7, in vitro cellular tests were carried out on the human cancerous breast cell line MCF-7. 2 and 7 show promising cytotoxicity.