Zyclara (imiquimod)

This study demonstrates that Huai'er (Trametes) exerts therapeutic effects on psoriasis by modulating STAT1, thereby inhibiting keratinocyte proliferation and inflammatory responses. The findings provide a foundation for further research into the potential of Huai'er (Trametes) as a treatment for psoriasis.

In plasma, IL-22 was elevated in IMQ-treated animals but decreased in the IMQ + LED group (p < 0.05), while no significant changes were detected for IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-23, TNF-α, or macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3α. Together, these results suggest that red LED phototherapy reduces clinical severity and partially modulates both local and systemic inflammation in IMQ-induced psoriasis, supporting its potential as a complementary therapeutic approach.

P3, N=158, Completed, AiCuris Anti-infective Cures AG | Active, not recruiting --> Completed

The 6-week IMQ-applied IL-10 KO model may better reflect chronic and severe psoriasis with gut-related comorbidities, offering a valuable platform to investigate the gut-skin axis.

A standard drug group receiving methotrexate (MTX) was included to benchmark the efficacy of aloesin. MTX, as a standard comparator, allowed for direct benchmarking of aloesin anti-psoriatic effects. Psoriasis treatment could benefit from this approach in the future.

To overcome these barriers, a pH-responsive solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) system was engineered to co-deliver CB-5083 (a VCP/p97 inhibitor), miR-142 (a PD-L1-targeting microRNA), and imiquimod (R, a TLR7 agonist) for spatially confined induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and immune reprogramming in MSS CRC. Biodistribution analysis confirmed tumor-preferential accumulation with minimal off-target exposure, and biosafety profiling demonstrated low systemic toxicity. This TME-responsive nanoplatform therefore integrates ERS induction, checkpoint modulation, and cytokine suppression to overcome immune exclusion in MSS CRC, representing a clinically translatable strategy for chemo-immunotherapy in immune-refractory tumors.

P1/2, N=18, Recruiting, Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell

Anti IL-2/IL-2 complex therapy effectively ameliorated the clinical manifestations of psoriasis, with no apparent side effects, providing a new strategy for treating psoriasis.

P2, N=20, Recruiting, Melanoma Institute Australia | Trial completion date: Jun 2025 --> Jun 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Jun 2025 --> Jun 2026

Topical imiquimod successfully cured the lesion only after abatacept discontinuation in the patient. Our case suggests that abatacept has depleted the production of tumor necrosis factor-α by macrophages upon contact with imiquimod, which is a toll-like receptor 7 ligand.

In vivo, imiquimod-induced psoriasiform inflammation in mice shows similar patterns of Hpa1 upregulation, Hpa2 downregulation, and Hpa1-dependent chemokines production and neutrophils recruitmentto lesional sites. These findings suggest that HPA1 and HPA2 contribute to the establishment and/or maintenance of psoriatic lesions. Modulating their expression or activity could provide a more precise understanding of their contribution to skin inflammation.

Comparative analyses highlight that modern alternatives-such as cryotherapy, cisplatin-based protocols, and topical imiquimod-achieve higher efficacy and lower recurrence rates in many clinical settings. Future directions include randomized controlled trials, standardized protocols, and innovative approaches such as checkpoint inhibition, CRISPR-Cas9 targeting of viral oncogenes, and nanoparticle delivery systems. This review provides a balanced and data-driven synthesis of BCG immunotherapy, clarifying its historical contributions, current limitations, and translational opportunities for advancing equine and comparative oncology.