Collectively, our findings suggest GlcN as a potential therapeutic agent for HCC and underscore its chemosensitizing potential when combined with lenvatinib. Given GlcN's established clinical safety, this combination offers a translatable strategy for HCC therapy.

The cytotoxicity and pro-apoptotic effects were significantly attenuated by the ROS scavenger NAC. These findings provide a solid preclinical foundation for the further development of this combination therapy and underscore the importance of the "computational prediction-mechanistic validation" strategy in advancing cancer drug discovery.

P2, N=47, Not yet recruiting, Sun Yat-sen University

External validation yielded AUCs of 0.922, 0.760, and 0.722 for corresponding time points. The PLANES model was successfully established and validated for predict prognosis in unresectable HCC patients receiving first-line triple therapy.

P2, N=40, Active, not recruiting, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center | Trial completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2026 | Trial primary completion date: Dec 2025 --> Dec 2026

Upon ultrasound exposure as an "exogenous switch," activated Ce6, together with Vitamin K3 and Mn2+, induces a robust ROS storm, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and immunogenic cell death (ICD), while effectively reprogramming the chronic hypoxia-HIF-2α-driven immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrated that Lenvatinib therapy, when combined with the nanoplatform, further suppressed chronic hypoxia-HIF-2α-driven abnormal angiogenesis, enhanced CD8+ T-cell infiltration, and boosted antitumor immune responses, ultimately achieving a potent synergistic therapeutic effect and promoting the conversion of "cold tumors" into "hot tumors." This study provides strong experimental evidence that nanoplatform-mediated immune microenvironment reprogramming represents a precisely controllable and highly effective therapeutic strategy for solid tumors, with promising translational potential in hepatocellular carcinoma.

P=N/A, N=120, Not yet recruiting, West China Hospital, Sichuan University; West China Hospital, Sichuan University

P=N/A, N=30, Recruiting, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University; The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University

P=N/A, N=444, Not yet recruiting, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University o

P=N/A, N=73, Not yet recruiting, Affiliated hangzhou first people's hospital, zhejiang university school of medicine; Affiliated hangzhou first people's hospital, zhejiang university

P=N/A, N=100, Not yet recruiting, Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital

P=N/A, N=35, Not yet recruiting, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital